伴侣动物食品不良反应的批判性评价话题(8):商品化宠物食品中的仓 ...

王帆

Critically Appraised Topic on Adverse Food Reactions of Companion Animals (8): Storage Mites in Commercial Pet foods

伴侣动物食品不良反应的批判性评价话题(8):商品化宠物食品中的仓储螨

Thierry Olivry and Ralf S. Mueller

 

翻译：王帆

 

Abstract

Background: Dogs with year-round atopic dermatitis are often sensitized to Dermatophagoides house dust mites (HDM). Storage mites (SM) are known to grow on cereal-rich foods. Tyrophagus SM can exacerbate clinical signs of allergy in laboratory dogs sensitized to HDM. Consequently, atopic dogs with high-levels of HDM-specific IgE are likely to have a flare of signs after eating a food contaminated with SM; the development of such flares would lead to a false positive diagnosis of food allergy. Herein, we reviewed the published evidence about the growth of SM on commercial dry pet foods.

Results: We searched two databases on January 25, 2019 for articles providing original information on the growth of SM on commercial dog foods. We found ten articles, five reporting results of laboratory experiments and five from field studies. Storage mites, especially Tyrophagus putrescentiae, can multiply on protein- and fat-rich dog foods. The population growth is higher when the initial mite density is high and when kibbles are crushed. When storage conditions lead to the overgrowth of molds on the kibbles, the mite proliferation is higher. Storage mites do not bore holes in food packages but invade bags via defective seals. In the field, SM contamination usually is undetectable in newly-opened commercial dog foods, and, if present, their number is low. When newly-purchased bags are stored in temperate conditions indoors, little overgrowth—if any—of SM occurs. However, when kept in environmental conditions with higher temperature and humidity, Tyrophagus mites will enter and proliferate in sealed food packages.

Conclusions: Commercial dry pet foods should be kept indoors and sealed to decrease the risk of contamination with SM. When performing dietary restriction (elimination) and provocation trials for the diagnosis of food allergies in dogs, it seems preferable to choose newly-purchased bags—of both original and testing diets—to reduce the probability of their contamination with SM, especially Tyrophagus putrescentiae. In case of doubt about the presence of SM in any of these foods, one should perform food challenges with single home-cooked ingredients. Storage mite contamination might lead to an erroneous diagnosis of food allergy in HDM-sensitized dogs.

Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, Dermatophagoides, Dog, Food allergy, Forage mite, House dust mite, Pet food, Storage mite, Tyrophagus

摘要

背景:常年患有特应性皮炎的犬通常对屋尘螨(HDM)敏感。仓储螨(SM)在富含谷物的食物上生长。食酪螨属SM可加重对HDM敏感的实验犬的临床过敏症状。因此，具有高水平的HDM特异性IgE的特应性皮炎患犬在食用了被SM污染的食物后，很可能会有突然发病的症状。这种突然发病的发展会导致食物过敏的假阳性诊断。本文综述了SM在商品化宠物干粮食品上的生长情况。

结果:我们于2019年1月25日在两个数据库中搜索了SM在商品化犬粮上生长的原始信息。我们找到了10篇文章，5篇报告了实验室实验结果，5篇来自实地研究。仓储螨，尤其是腐食酪螨，可以在富含蛋白质和脂肪的犬粮上繁殖。当初始螨密度较高和粉碎碎粮时，种群增长较高。当储藏条件导致霉菌在粉碎食物上过度生长时，粉碎食物的增殖率较高。仓储螨不会在食品包装上钻洞，而是通过有缺口的封条侵入袋子。在田间试验中，SM污染通常在新开的商品化犬粮中检测不到，即使存在，其数量也很低。当新购买的塑料袋储存在室内的温和条件下，很少发生SM过度生长。然而，在温度和湿度较高的环境条件下，食酪螨会在密封的食品包装中进入并繁殖。

结论:商品干性宠物食品应在室内存放并密封，以降低SM污染的风险。当对犬进行食物排查(排除)和激发试验以诊断食物过敏时，似乎更可取的做法是选择新购买的袋子——包括旧食物和测试食物——以减少它们被SM污染的可能性，特别是腐食酪蛋白。如果怀疑这些食物中是否含有SM，就应该用家庭自制的单一食材进行食物激发。SM污染可能导致HDM致敏犬食物过敏的错误诊断。

关键词:特应性皮炎、表皮螨属、犬、食物过敏、饲料螨、户尘螨、宠物食品，仓储螨，食酪螨

 

Background

背景

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic, recurrent pruritic allergic skin disease of dogs; it has, in most patients, a characteristic skin lesion distribution. Canine AD is most often associated with the production of IgE specific for environmental and/or food allergens. Worldwide, house dust mites (HDM) of the Dermatophagoides genus are the most common allergens recognized by the circulating IgE of atopic dogs (reviewed in). Storage mites (SM) represent another group of acarids that commonly invade food sources, especially cereals. Frequently-encountered SM species are Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Glycyphagus domesticus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. An IgE reactivity against SM is also very common in dogs with AD. The extensive cross-reactivity that exists between HDM and SM allergens implies that HDM-specific IgE from sensitized atopic dogs are likely to also recognize homologous allergens in SM, and vice-versa. Such allergen cross-reactivity is probably clinically-relevant, as beagles experimentally-sensitized to the Dermatophagoides farinae HDM exhibited a flare of clinical signs when environmentally- or orally-challenged with the SM Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Consequently, atopic dogs with high-levels of Dermatophagoides farinae HDM specific IgE are likely to have a flare of clinical signs if eating a food item contaminated with SM; such recurrence of signs would lead to a false positive diagnosis of food allergy.

特应性皮炎(AD)是一种常见的、慢性、反复发作的瘙痒性过敏性皮肤病;在大多数病患中，它具有特征性的皮肤病变分布。犬AD通常与环境和/或食物过敏原特异性IgE的产生有关。在世界范围内，屋尘螨属(HDM)是最常见的过敏原，由循环IgE识别的特应性皮炎患犬(综述)。仓储螨(SM)是另一种经常入侵食物来源的螨类，尤其是谷物。常见的SM种有粗足粉螨、害嗜鳞螨、家食甜螨和腐食酪螨。对SM的IgE反应在AD犬中也很常见。HDM和SM过敏原之间存在广泛的交叉反应，这意味着来自致敏性特应性皮炎患犬的HDM特异性IgE也可能识别SM中的同源过敏原，反之亦然。这种过敏原交叉反应可能是临床相关的，因为比格犬对粉尘螨HDM实验敏感，当环境或口服SM腐食螨时，表现出明显的临床症状。因此，具有高水平粉尘螨HDM特异性IgE的特应性皮炎患犬，如果食用了被SM污染的食物，很可能会有明显的临床症状;这种症状的复发会导致食物过敏的假阳性诊断。

 

Clinical scenario

临床场景 

A three-year-old male West Highland white terrier living in Florida has a two-year history of continuously deteriorating skin lesions and pruritus affecting the axillae, groin, ventral neck and paws. You recently made the diagnosis of nonseasonal AD. Both allergen-specific IgE serology and intradermal testing confirmed the reactivity to the Dermatophagoides farinae HDM. An 8-week elimination diet performed with an extensively hydrolyzed dog food led to a noticeable—yet partial—improvement of signs; these worsened after provocation with the previously fed diet. Further challenges with individual components of that first diet did not cause flares, however. You wonder if this discrepancy in challenge results could be due to HDM-cross-reactive SM present in the original diet and that, after all, your patient might not have a food allergy.

一只三岁的雄性西高地白㹴生活在佛罗里达州，有两年的持续恶化的皮肤病变和瘙痒病史，腋窝、腹股沟、颈部腹侧和爪子患病。你最近诊断为非季节性AD。过敏原特异性IgE血清学和皮内试验均证实其对粉尘螨HDM的反应性。使用广泛水解的犬粮进行8周的食物排查试验，有明显的(但部分的)改善症状，这些症状在被旧饮食激发后恶化。然而，进一步使用单一成分进行激发，使用初期饮食中单一成分激发并没有引起突然发病。你想知道这种激发结果的差异是否可能是由于初期饮食中存在的HDM交叉反应性SM，毕竟，你的病人可能没有食物过敏。

 

Structured question

结构性的问题

Are SM present in commercial pet foods?

SM存在于商品化宠物食品中吗?

Search strategy

检索策略

We searched the Web of Science Core Collection and CAB Abstract databases on January 25, 2019 with the following string: (dog or dogs or canine or cat or cats or feline) and ((storage and mite*) or Acarus or Tyrophagus or Lepidoglyphus or Glycyphagus)) and (food* or diet*). There were no restrictions for publication dates or languages. We did not consider conference abstracts or review papers because of our need for detailed study results. Finally, we scanned the bibliography of each selected article for additional references relevant to our question.

我们于2019年1月25日搜索了科学核心网站和CAB摘要数据库，使用以下字符串:(犬或犬或犬科或猫或猫或猫科)和((存储和螨*)或粉尘螨属或食酪螨属或螨属或甜食螨属))和(食物*或饮食*)。对出版日期或语言没有限制。由于需要详细的研究结果，我们没有考虑会议摘要或综述论文。最后，我们浏览了每一篇文章的参考书目，以寻找与我们的问题相关的其他参考资料。

 

Identified evidence

确定证据

Our search of the Web of Science and CAB abstracts identified 54 and 33 articles, respectively. Among these, we selected ten papers, eight of these common to both database searches. The scanning of the bibiography of each paper did not provide any additional publication relevant to our topic. Articles reported results from either laboratory or field studies, the latter conducted in the USA, Germany, Spain, Scotland and Australia.

我们在Web of Science和CAB的摘要中分别找到了54篇和33篇文章。其中，我们选择了10篇论文，其中8篇是两个数据库搜索共同的。每一篇论文的传记扫描并没有提供任何与我们的主题相关的额外出版物。文章报道了实验室或实地研究的结果，后者在美国、德国、西班牙、苏格兰和澳大利亚进行。

 

Evaluation of evidence

证据评估 

Laboratory studies

实验室研究

There were five articles reporting results from laboratory studies, and these are summarized chronologically; all results are summarized in the online Additional file 1: Table S1.

有5篇文章报道了实验室研究的结果，并按时间顺序进行了总结;所有结果汇总在在线附加文件1:表S1中。

 

In 1972, Sinha and Paul were the first to report on the survival and multiplication of mites in dry dog foods. Dermatophagoides farinae HDM and Glycyphagus domesticus SM were inoculated onto four commercial dry dog foods and other substrates; the authors observed the growth of these mites for a little over 2 months. While the Dermatophagoides HDM flourished and multiplied on all four dog foods, these did not support the multiplication of the Glycyphagus SM.

1972年，辛哈和保罗首次报道了干犬粮中螨虫的存活和繁殖情况。将粉尘螨HDM和甜食螨SM接种于4种商品干犬粮和其他基质上;作者观察了这些螨虫的生长2个多月。虽然尘螨HDM在所有4种犬粮上都有繁殖力，但不支持甜食螨SM的繁殖力。

 

Nearly 40 years later, Canfield and Wren tested the ability of the SM Tyrophagus putrescentiae to survive and grow on three commercial dry dog foods. Kibbles were inoculated with ten female mites and observed for 5 weeks with molds allowed to grow onto half of the samples. Tyrophagus mites grew on all three dog foods, with the highest numbers of mites found whenever molds had been allowed to grow on the kibbles.

近40年后，Canfield和Wren测试了SM腐食酪螨在三种商品化干犬粮上生存和生长的能力。用10只雌性螨虫接种杂粮，观察5周，霉菌可以在一半的样本上生长。三种犬粮上都长有食酪螨，当让霉菌在犬粮上生长时，发现的螨虫数量最多。

 

In 2015, Hubert and colleagues evaluated the capability of Tyrophagus putrescentiae to infest and proliferate on samples of dog foods stored in nine different sealed plastic bags and a lidded cup. Mites were placed in the vicinity of the closed food packages for 3 months. After that time, Tyrophagus SM were discovered in 5/9 bags (55%), with the mites most often discovered in bags made of polypropylene or polyethylene film monolayers; mites had not made holes in the packaging itself but had entered the bags via faulty seals. Lidded cups were not contaminated.

2015年，休伯特和同事们评估了腐食酪螨在9个不同密封塑料袋和一个有盖杯子中的犬粮样本上寄生和繁殖的能力。在封闭的食品包装附近放置螨虫3个月。此后，食酪螨在5/9袋(55%)中发现，以单层聚丙烯或聚乙烯膜袋为最多;螨虫并没有在包装上打洞，而是通过有缺口的封条进入了袋子。有盖杯子没有被污染。

 

The same year, investigators from the same laboratory in the Czech republic evaluated whether Tyrophagus putrescentiae SM preferred to grow on protein-, fat- or carbohydrate-rich diets. Mites were first adapted on either a protein- and fat-rich commercial dog food or a low-protein, low-fat but carbohydrate-rich wholemeal spelt flour (see Supplementary material 1 for diet details). After 6 months, diets were changed twice, 4 weeks apart. Tyrophagus storage mites adapted for 6 months on either diet grew best on the dog food richer in proteins and fat rather than the flour richer in carbohydrates.

同年，来自捷克共和国同一实验室的研究人员评估了腐食酪螨（SM）是否喜欢在富含蛋白质、脂肪或碳水化合物的饮食中生长。螨虫首先适应于富含蛋白质和脂肪的商品化犬粮或低蛋白质、低脂但富含碳水化合物的全麦斯佩尔特面粉(参见补充材料1的饮食细节)。6个月后，改变饮食两次，间隔4周。食酪螨适应了6个月，在蛋白质和脂肪含量高的犬粮中生长最好，而在碳水化合物含量高的面粉中生长最好。

 

Finally, in 2016, the same investigators tested the growth of Tyrophagus putrescentiae for 4 weeks on samples from a single commercial dog food in different conditions. In the first experiment, mites were found to grow better on the green and brown rather than the white and red dog food kibbles, but whether these kibbles of different colors had the same nutrient composition was not specified. In the second study, the mite growth rate was higher if kibbles were crushed rather than intact, and when the initial mite population density was highest (100 mites). In the third, four different strains of Tyrophagus mites grew better on the crushed dog food compared to an HDM-rearing diet. The final experiment confirmed that, whatever the strain of Tyrophagus, the higher the initial mite inoculum (i.e., 100), the higher the final mite count.

最后，在2016年，同样的研究人员在不同条件下对来自单一商品化犬粮的样本进行了为期4周的腐食酪螨生长测试。第一次实验发现，在绿色和棕色的犬粮上螨类生长较好，而在白色和红色的犬粮上螨类生长较差，但未明确不同颜色的犬粮营养成分是否相同。在第二次研究中，碾碎粮的螨生长速度比完整粮的螨生长速度高，且初始螨密度最高(100只)。在第三组实验中，四种不同品系的酪螨在碾碎犬粮中比在HDM饲养的犬粮中生长得更好。最后的实验证实，无论食螨品系是什么，初始螨接种量(即100)越高，最终螨数越高。

 

Field studies

田间研究

We found five articles that reported the results of field studies investigating whether or not HDM or SM were present in commercial dog foods: two studies were purely descriptive while the other three investigated the presence of mites in different experimental conditions. Again, we will describe the study results in chronological order.

我们发现有五篇文章报道了关于商品化犬粮中是否存在HDM或SM的实地研究结果:两篇研究是纯描述性的，而其他三篇研究是在不同的实验条件下调查是否存在螨虫。同样，我们将按照时间顺序描述研究结果。

 

In the first study, DeBoer and Schreiner tested whether or not the HDM Dermatophagoides farinae contaminated dog foods purchased in midwestern region of the United States. The test material consisted of 30 purchased and 50 pet owner-obtained commercial dry dog food samples. The HDM contamination was determined using an ELISA for the group II Dermatophagoides allergens, and none was detected.

在第一项研究中，DeBoer和Schreiner测试了HDM粉尘螨是否污染了美国中西部地区购买的犬粮。试验材料包括30个购买的和50个宠物主人获得的商品化干犬粮样品。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测II组表皮螨过敏原的HDM污染，未检测到任何过敏原。

 

Similarly to the results above, Henneveld et al. tested 23 different bags of commercial dry dog foods for mite contamination over a consecutive 6-week period in Germany. Even though the bags were open twice daily (and closed thereafter) to feed the dogs, SM were not discovered, by microscopic examination of flotation samples, in any of the samples examined.

与上述结果类似，Henneveld等人在德国连续6周测试了23袋不同的商品化犬粮的螨污染。尽管这些袋子每天打开两次(之后再合上)喂犬，但通过对浮选样品的显微镜检查，在所有被检查的样品中都没有发现SM。

 

In 2008, Brazis and colleagues were the first to report on the influence of different storage conditions on the contamination of dry dog foods with SM in Spain. Ten commercial dry dog foods were left open while three of them were also sealed; duplicate bags were either kept in a laboratory or stored in a ventilated garage with outdoor access for 6 weeks. At the beginning of the study, the investigators found a low number of mites (one mite fragment and two Acarus siro) in 2/10 bags of dog foods (20%). Under laboratory storage conditions in a low average temperature (16 °C) and humidity (68%), mites were not detectable for up to 6 weeks using two different methods. In contrast, when bags were stored in a garage with high temperatures (average: 23 °C) and humidity (average: 71%) for 6 weeks, Tyrophagus mites were found in 8/10 open bags (80%) and in 2/3 (67%) of the sealed replicates by the flotation technique, the most sensitive detection method.

2008年，Brazis和他的同事首先报告了西班牙不同的储存条件对犬粮干性SM污染的影响。十种商品化犬粮是敞开的，其中三种是密封的;重复的袋子要么保存在实验室，要么保存在通风的户外车库6周。在研究开始时，研究人员在2/10袋犬粮(20%)中发现了少量的螨虫(一个螨虫碎片和两个粗足粉螨)。在平均温度(16°C)和湿度(68%)较低的实验室储存条件下，使用两种不同的方法在长达6周的时间内无法检测到螨虫。在温度较高(平均23°C)、湿度较高(平均71%)的车库中保存6周后，采用灵敏度最高的浮选法检测，8/10个开放袋(80%)和2/3(67%)的封闭重复中发现食酪螨。

 

In 2011, Gill and others stored identical bags of a single commercial dry dog food in ten different households in Scotland. Bags were divided equally between the original sack with its reusable seal, a paper bag whose top was rolled for closure and a plastic box with a sealed lid. These replicates were stored next to each other, and the food was sampled every month for SM detection. After 3 months, mite numbers were significantly higher in the food samples stored in paper bags compared to baseline: 6/10 paper bags had detectable mites, either Dermatophagoides or Tyrophagus; four and one mites were found in three (30%) sealable plastic bags and one of ten (10%) plastic boxes, respectively. There was no significant association between the temperature or relative humidity and the mite numbers.

2011年，吉尔和其他人在苏格兰的10个不同家庭储存了相同袋装的一种商品化干犬粮。袋子被平均分配给带有可重复使用封条的原始袋子、顶部卷起封口的纸袋和盖子密封的塑料盒。每个重复的样本紧挨着保存，每个月抽取食物进行SM检测。3个月后，纸袋食品中螨类数量显著高于基线:6/10纸袋中可检出螨类，有食螨类或食螨类;在3个(30%)可密封塑料袋和1 / 10个(10%)塑料盒中分别发现4只和1只螨虫。温度和相对湿度与螨的数量无显著相关。

 

In the last field study, dog owners in eastern Australia provided 20 samples of commercial dry dog foods stored in open bags or storage boxes in home environments. The food samples were examined for the presence of SM, and a small portion was kept for two additional months before their incubation under higher humidity and temperature conditions. Finally, nine new bags of commercial dog foods were purchased and tested like for field samples above. Altogether, mites were undetectable in any specimens after any of the incubation times. Similarly, SM were not observed when opening newlypurchased bags and after storing the foods for 6 weeks at room temperature. In contrast, when incubating samples of these foods at high temperature (26 °C) and humidity levels (80%), SM were present in 2/9 samples (22%) as early as 3 weeks after beginning the experiment; after 6 weeks of incubation, 7/9 foods (78%) had detectable mites identified as Tyrophagus putrescentiae.

在最后一项实地研究中，澳大利亚东部的犬主人提供了20份商品化干犬粮的样本，这些犬粮存放在家庭环境中的开放式袋或储物盒中。研究人员检查食物样本是否存在SM，并将其中一小部分额外保存两个月，然后在较高的湿度和温度条件下孵育。最后，我们购买了9袋新的商品化犬粮，并像上述实地样品一样进行了测试。总之，在任何孵育时间后，在任何标本中都无法检测到螨虫。同样地，当打开新购买的包装袋和在室温下储存食物6周后，也没有观察到SM。相比之下，当这些食物在高温(26°C)和湿度(80%)条件下孵育时，早在实验开始后3周，就有2/9(22%)的样品出现SM;6周后，7/9(78%)的食物可检出腐食酪螨。

 

Conclusion and implication for practitioners

结论及对实践者的启示

Even though our search strategy only identified a small number of studies, their results were usually concordant, and there are several logical conclusions to make.

尽管我们的搜索策略只确定了一小部分研究，但它们的结果通常是一致的，可以得出几个合乎逻辑的结论。

 

Storage mites, especially for the most commonly found and studied Tyrophagus putrescentiae, can grow in protein- and fat-rich dog food kibbles. Their population growth is higher when the initial contaminating mite density is high, when kibbles are crushed or when suboptimal storage leads to mold overgrowth. When purchasing commercial dry dog foods, SM contamination is not detectable, but, when present, the mite number is very low. When storing bags in temperate conditions indoors, one can expect little overgrowth—if any—of SM. In contrast, when keeping dry dog foods in situations with high temperatures and humidity, for example in a garage, Tyrophagus mites will enter and proliferate in the packages. In such conditions, SM can also contaminate sealable bags, which they will invade via faulty seals.

仓储螨，特别是最常见的发现和研究腐食酪螨，可以在富含蛋白质和脂肪的犬粮中生长。当初始污染螨密度较高时，当粮粉被粉碎或储存不当导致霉菌过度生长时，其种群增长较高。购买商品化犬粮时，未检测到SM污染，但有SM污染时，螨的数量很低。当储存袋子在室内的温和条件下，人们可以期望很少过度生长——如果有的话——SM。相比之下，在高温高湿的环境下保存干燥的犬粮，例如在车库中，酪螨就会进入并在包装中繁殖。在这种情况下，SM还会污染密封袋，它们会通过有缺口密封件侵入密封袋。

 

In conclusion, it is best to keep commercial dry dog foods indoors and in temperate conditions and to seal bags to decrease the risk of their contamination with Tyrophagus SM. When performing restriction (elimination) and provocation trials for the diagnosis of food allergies in dogs (and likely cats), it seems preferable to choose newly-purchased bags—of both testing and original diets—to reduce the probability of their contamination with Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Indeed, the allergenic cross-reactivity between the Tyrophagus SM and the Dermatophagoides HDM is very high, and such cross-reactivity could affect the clinical interpretation of dietary trials in atopic dogs sensitized to HDM. Indeed, atopic dogs with high-levels of Dermatophagoides farinae HDM-specific IgE are likely to have signs flaring after eating a food contaminated with SM, thus leading to a false positive diagnosis of food allergy. In case of doubt about pet food contamination with SM, one should perform dietary challenges with homecooked ingredients previously preserved indoors and in temperate conditions.

综上所述，最好将商品化干犬粮保存在室内和温带条件下，并密封袋子，以降低它们被食螨性SM污染的风险。当对犬(也可能是猫)进行食物过敏诊断的限制(排除)和激发试验时，选择新购买的袋子——包括测试粮和旧粮——似乎更可取，以减少它们被腐食酪蛋白污染的可能性。确实，食酪螨SM和表皮螨HDM之间的致敏交叉反应非常高，这种交叉反应可能会影响对HDM致敏的特应性皮炎患犬的膳食试验的临床解释。事实上，具有高水平粉尘螨HDM特异性IgE的特应性皮炎患犬在食用了SM污染的食物后，很可能会出现症状，从而导致食物过敏的假阳性诊断。如果怀疑宠物食品受到SM污染，应尝试使用事先在室内和温和条件下保存的家庭烹饪食材。

 

 

As it appears that the main mite naturally growing on commercial dry dog foods is Tyrophagus and this SM is the only one whose cross-reactivity with HDM was shown to be clinically-relevant, one should reconsider the validity and clinical relevance of performing IgE serological and intradermal testing with the other less common SM species.

由于在商品化干犬粮上自然生长的主要螨是食酪螨，而且这种SM是唯一与HDM交叉反应被证明具有临床相关性的，人们应该重新考虑与其他不常见的SM物种进行IgE血清学和皮内测试的有效性和临床相关性。

 

Future research needs

未来的研究需要 

Tyrophagus mites can trigger flares of allergy in laboratory beagles experimentally-sensitized with the Dermatophagoides HDM. Whether or not such recurrence of signs also would occur in HDM-reactive dogs with spontaneously-arising AD needs to be confirmed. If such AD flare were to occur, it would be worthwhile to determine the range of SM density that would result in a worsening of signs in dogs with variable levels of HDMand SM-specific IgE.

食酪螨可引发实验室比格犬过敏突然发病，实验与食酪螨HDM。这种症状的复发是否也会发生在HDM反应性伴自发性AD的犬中还有待证实。如果发生这种AD突然发病，有必要确定SM密度的范围，该范围会导致不同水平的HDM和SM特异性IgE犬的症状恶化。

 

Whenever the humidity and temperature are high and the storage of pet foods cannot be controlled effectively, the use of mite traps or the supplementation of pet foods with insect growth regulators/acaricides would be worth of further studies to limit the contamination of these diets with SM. Indeed, S-methoprene and spinosad have been shown to inhibit—albeit slowly—the growth of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and dogs can ingest these two chemicals with no apparent toxicity.

在湿度和温度较高、宠物食品的储存无法得到有效控制的情况下，使用捕螨器或在宠物食品中添加昆虫生长调节剂/杀螨剂，以限制SM对宠物食品的污染，值得进一步研究。的确，甲氧普林和多杀菌素已经被证明可以抑制(尽管很慢)腐食酪蛋白的生长，而且犬摄入这两种化学物质没有明显毒性。

杨先生