|
CASE REPORT 病例报告 Alopecia in four kittens caused by abnormal maternal licking behaviour 母猫不正常的舔舐行为导致四只幼猫脱毛 N Fanton,* M Michelazzi and L Corneglian 翻译：王帆
Case report Abnormal maternal behaviour has been reported in cats, but is generally not included among the causes of alopecia in kittens. A litter of four kittens, 2 months old, was referred for evaluation of facial alopecia of differing severity. The 2-year-old queen was unaffected. Dermatological examination of the kittens did not find any infectious cause. Trichograms showed broken hair shafts with longitudinal splitting. Congenital alopecia was unlikely based on the clinical presentation. A behavioural consultation revealed abnormal grooming behaviour by the mother, who chewed and removed the hair from the kittens. The kittens were separated from the queen and alopecia resolved within a few weeks. 病例报道 异常的母性行为已在猫中报告，但通常不包括导致幼猫脱毛。一窝4只2月龄大的幼猫因不同严重程度的面部脱毛被转诊。两岁的母猫没有患病。幼猫的皮肤学检查没有发现任何感染病因。毛发检查表现毛干纵向断裂。根据临床表现，不可能是先天性脱毛。行为咨询显示，这只母猫有不正常的梳理行为，它会咬掉幼猫的毛发。幼猫与母猫分开后，几周内脱毛问题就解决了。
Conclusion To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of alopecia caused by abnormal maternal licking behaviour. Abnormal maternal behaviour should be considered in cases of alopecia affecting a litter of kittens, when infectious and congenital causes have been ruled out. 结论 据作者所知，这是第一例由母猫不正常的舔舐行为引起脱毛的报道。在一窝幼猫的脱毛病例中，当排除了传染性和先天性病因时，应考虑母亲的异常行为。
Keywords alopecia; cats; dermatology; maternal behaviour 关键词：脱毛、猫、皮肤学、母性行为
Infective diseases, such as dermatophytosis and ectoparasite infestations, are the most common cause of hair loss and scaling in kittens. Congenital and hereditary defects, such as congenital hypotrichosis, ectodermal dysplasia and abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation, are rare. Grooming plays an important role in feline maternal behaviour, but excessive licking or grooming can lead to alopecia or skin lesions, although typically this behaviour is self-directed. The aim of this report is to describe a case of alopecia in a litter of kittens caused by abnormal maternal licking behaviour. 感染性疾病，如皮肤癣菌病和体外寄生虫感染，是幼猫脱毛和皮屑的最常见病因。罕见先天性和遗传性缺陷，如先天性毛少、外胚层发育不良和皮脂腺分化异常。梳理毛发在猫的母性行为中扮演着重要的角色，但过度的舔毛或梳理会导致脱毛或皮肤病变，但这种行为通常是自发的。本报告的目的是描述由母猫异常舔毛行为导致的一窝幼猫脱毛案例。
Case report 病例报道 A 2-year-old queen and her litter of four kittens, approximately 2 months old, were presented for dermatological evaluation. The queen was a stray cat and had been adopted 3 months before consultation. The referring veterinarian reported progressive alopecia and scaling affecting all four kittens, but the mother was unaffected. Prior to the dermatological consultation, all the cats had been treated once with selamectin spot-on formulation, 6 mg/kg (Stronghold®, Zoetis Italia, Roma), and a fungal culture was negative. 一只2岁的母猫和她的4只约2月龄的幼猫，转诊到皮肤科。母猫是一只流浪猫，在就诊前3个月就被收养了。兽医报告说，四只幼猫都出现了进行性脱毛和皮屑，但母猫没有患病。在皮肤科会诊之前，所有猫都接受了一次赛拉菌素滴剂治疗，6mg/kg，真菌培养为阴性。
General examination of the kittens was unremarkable. Dermatological examination of the most severely affected kitten, a female, revealed nearly complete alopecia on the forehead with modest scaling (Figure 1); the littermates showed only a small focal area of alopecia on the temporal area (Figure 2). On closer examination with a magnifying glass, the hairs appeared to be broken at a very low level. The kittens were otherwise healthy and were partially weaned but still being fed by the mother. 对幼猫进行体格检查没有发现什么异常。对患病幼猫中最严重的一只母猫进行了皮肤学检查，发现其前额几乎完全脱毛，伴中度皮屑(图1)。同窝幼猫仅颞区有一小块局灶脱毛区域(图2)。用放大镜仔细观察，毛发似乎在很短的部位断裂。幼猫们在其他方面都很健康，虽然已经部分断奶，但仍由母亲喂养。
Taking into account the young age and the presence of similar lesions, albeit of different severity, on all the kittens, the main differential diagnosis were dermatophytosis, ectoparasite infestation (e.g. pediculosis, cheyletiellosis) and, less likely, a form of congenital alopecia or abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation. 考虑到幼猫的年龄和所有幼猫存在类似的病变，虽然严重程度不同，主要的鉴别诊断是皮肤癣菌病、体外寄生虫感染(如虱病、姬螯螨病)，以及一种可能性较小的先天性脱毛或皮脂腺分化异常。
Microscopic hair examination from the affected area showed broken hair shafts with longitudinal splitting (Figure 3), but normal telogen and anagen bulbs; hairs from non-affected areas were normal. Wood’s lamp examination, skin scrapings, combings and acetate tape strip cytology failed to demonstrate an abnormality. Dermatological examination of the queen was unremarkable. 患病区域毛发显微镜检显示毛干纵向断裂(图3)，但静止期和生长期毛根正常。未感染区域的毛发正常。伍德氏灯检查、皮肤刮片、梳毛检查和醋酸胶带细胞学检查未见异常。母猫的皮肤检查未见异常。
When the kittens were put back in the cage with the queen, she obsessively licked them and partially removed the hairs with her teeth (see video in Supporting information). This behaviour was directed especially at the most affected kitten (Figure 1). A presumptive diagnosis of an abnormal maternal licking behaviour was made. 当母猫把幼猫送回笼子时，她会着魔地舔它们，并用牙齿把它们的部分毛发拔掉(见支持信息中的视频)。这一行为尤其针对患病最严重的幼猫(图1)。推测诊断母猫有异常舔舐行为。
As the kittens were old enough to be separated from their mother, it was suggested to completely wean them and to neuter the queen. No additional therapies were prescribed. The alopecia completely resolved within 4 weeks. No other abnormalities were reported by the referring veterinarian or by the owner over the following year. The queen did not show any further behavioural abnormality (e.g. self-licking). 由于幼猫已经大到可以和母猫分开，建议让它们完全断奶，并给母猫绝育。没有额外治疗。4周内脱毛完全消失。在接下来的一年里，转诊兽医或主人均未报告其他异常情况。母猫没有表现出任何进一步的异常行为(如自我舔舐)。
Discussion 讨论 To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported clinical description of alopecia in kittens caused by abnormal maternal licking. Hair loss in young cats is most commonly caused by infectious disease and rarely by congenital or hereditary conditions. As all complementary examinations (microscopic hair examination, Wood’s lamp and fungal culture) in this case were negative, dermatophytosis and ectoparasites infestation were ruled out. Congenital or hereditary causes of alopecia were considered unlikely because of the clinical presentation. In detail, ectodermal dysplasia was ruled out because of the lack of a pattern and the absence of other systemic abnormalities. Cats affected by congenital hypotrichosis are born without their pelage or loose hair within the first month of life, in a localised or generalised fashion. Abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation is a rare cause of progressive hypotrichosis with variable scaling and crusting, usually beginning on the head and becoming generalised. In this case, there was evidence of hair regrowth on trichograms and the remaining hair coat of the kittens was normal. The presence of broken hairs and longitudinal splitting on microscopic hair examination suggested intense trauma on the hairs as the main cause of alopecia. The observed abnormal licking and chewing behaviour of the queen was interpreted as an alteration of maternal behaviour. 据作者所知，这是首次报道的由母猫不正常舔舐引起的幼猫脱毛的临床描述。幼猫脱毛最常见的病因是传染病，很少由先天性或遗传性疾病。本例补充检查(毛发镜检、伍氏灯检查和真菌培养)均阴性，排除皮肤癣菌病和体外寄生虫感染。通过临床表现，认为不可能是先天性或遗传性原因的脱毛。详细地说，外胚层发育不良被排除，因为缺乏模式和没有其他全身异常。患有先天性少毛症的猫在出生后的第一个月内在局部或全身没有毛发或松散毛。皮脂腺分化异常是进行性少毛症的一种罕见病因，并伴有各种程度皮屑和结痂，通常从头部开始并逐渐全身化。在这种病例中，毛囊上有毛发再生的迹象，幼猫剩余的被毛是正常的。毛发镜检发现毛干纵向断裂，提示创伤是导致脱毛的主要原因。观察到的母猫不正常的舔舐和咀嚼行为被解释为母性行为的改变。
Grooming is very important in feline maternal behaviour and serves several purposes. Initially the queen licks the kittens to orient them toward her mammary region; the mother also frequently licks the perineum to stimulate defecation and urination for the first 2–3 weeks of life. Licking can be quite vigorous, sometimes preventing the kittens from nursing.Grooming is also important for maintenance of healthy skin and control of ectoparasite infestations. It also strengthens social bonds within a group and creates an affiliative behaviour between the cats. In some circumstances, queens can display abnormal maternal behaviour, including lack of milk production, failure to deliver, extreme fearfulness, frantic running, excessive moving of kittens, excessive neonatal grooming, urine spraying, redirected aggression or cannibalism. Stress and anxiety are considered the main triggers, potentially resulting in a number of different behaviour problems, depending on the individual queen and her hormonal state. In this case there were no clear causes of the abnormal maternal behaviour. The queen was a young cat that was likely primiparous.Unfortunately, the previous history of the animal was lacking, because of being an adopted stray cat. Whisker trimming has been reported in lactating queens and occasionally this behaviour can lead to alopecia in kittens, as the mother chews the whiskers very close to the skin surface. The estimated prevalence of this phenomenon is low and the behaviour is mainly displayed by young primiparous queens. According to some authors, a possible behavioural explanation is inhibition of the kittens’ tactile perception, which may prevent the kittens from leaving and cause the litter to remain close to the nest. 梳理毛发在猫的母性行为中非常重要，有几个目的。初期母猫会舔幼猫，让它们朝向自己的乳房。在出生后的前2-3周，母亲还经常舔会阴部以刺激排便和排尿。舔猫的动作相当有力，有时会妨碍幼猫进食。仪容整洁对保持皮肤健康和控制体外寄生虫感染也很重要。它也加强了群体内的社会联系，并创造了猫之间的亲密行为。在某些情况下，母猫会表现出异常的母性行为，包括产奶量不足、分娩失败、极度恐惧、疯狂奔跑、过度移动幼猫、过度梳理新生幼猫、喷尿、定向攻击或同类相食。压力和焦虑被认为是主要的诱因，可能会导致一系列不同的行为问题，这取决于母猫的个体和她的激素状态。在这个案例中，没有明确的原因导致母亲的异常行为。母猫可能是初次分娩的年轻猫。不幸的是，由于是一只被收养的流浪猫，这只动物病史是缺失的。据报道，哺乳期母猫修剪胡须的行为偶尔会导致幼猫脱毛，因为母猫会在非常靠近皮肤表面的地方咀嚼胡须。据估计，这种现象的发生率很低，这种行为主要是由年轻的初次分娩母猫表现出来的。根据一些作者的说法，一种可能的行为解释是抑制了幼猫的触觉，这可能会阻止幼猫离开，并导致幼猫留在窝附近。
In this case, the queen displayed a different behaviour, as she did not chew the whiskers, which appeared normal in every kitten, but the skin on the forehead. It can be speculated that this is a different behavioural problem. The fact that, after separation from the kittens, the queen did not show any behavioural problem, suggests that this abnormal licking was most likely induced by stress or anxiety in nursing the kittens. Unfortunately, stress markers such as serum cortisol were not evaluated. 在这病例中，母猫表现出了不同的行为，因为它不咬胡须，这对每只猫来说都是正常的，但它咬前额的皮肤。可以推测，这是一个不同的行为问题。事实上，在与幼猫分开后，母猫并没有表现出任何行为问题，这表明这种不正常的舔舐很可能是由护理幼猫的压力或焦虑引起的。不幸的是，像血清皮质醇这样的应激标志物没有被评估。
The reason why one kitten was more severely affected than the others remains unclear. The lack of previous history prevents further consideration. 其中一只患病幼猫比其他幼猫更严重的原因尚不清楚。由于缺乏病史，无法进一步考虑。
To conclude, alopecia caused by abnormal maternal licking should be considered in the case of hair loss affecting a litter of kittens, after ruling out infectious and possibly congenital diseases. 综上所述，在排除传染性和可能的先天性疾病后，如果一窝幼猫发生脱毛，应考虑由母亲不正常的舔毛引起的脱毛。
Figure 1. Close-up view of the most affected kitten. Nearly complete alopecia with very short hairs and mild scaling on the forehead are visible. 图1。患病最重的幼猫的特写。几乎完全脱毛，毛发很短，前额有轻微的皮屑。 Figure 2. Littermates. The most severely affected kitten is on the left. The red kitten on the right has a small area of partial alopecia over the right eye. 图2。同窝出生的。患病最严重的幼猫在左边。右边的小橘猫右眼有一小块部分脱毛。 Figure 3. Trichogram of hairs from the affected area (×10). Broken hair shafts with longitudinal splitting are visible. 图3。患病部位的毛发(×10)。可见有纵向的毛干断裂。
| 
|Archiver|手机版|小黑屋|宠医帮
( 京ICP备2022012070号-2 ) 
发表于 2022-7-24 22:39:32
收藏
转播
分享
淘帖
楼主