猫跳蚤防治最新进展--（1）换个视角听听昆虫学家怎么说

王帆

Recent Advancements in the Control of Cat Fleas

猫跳蚤防治最新进展

作者：Michael K. Rust

翻译：王帆

Simple Summary: The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis is the most important pest of domesticated cats and dogs worldwide. This review covers the recent advancements in the control of cat fleas. Over the years, there has been an interest in using ecologically friendly approaches to control fleas. To date, no biological, natural, or cultural means have been discovered that mitigate flea infestations. The recent registration of novel topical and oral therapies promises a new revolution in the control of fleas and ticks and the diseases associated with them.

简要：猫跳蚤（猫栉首蚤）是世界范围内最重要的家养犬猫的寄生虫。本文综述了近年来猫跳蚤防治的研究进展。多年来，人们对使用生态友好的方法来控制跳蚤产生了兴趣。迄今为止，还没有发现任何生物的、自然的或文化的手段可以减轻跳蚤感染。最近注册的新型外用和口服疗法有望在控制跳蚤和蜱以及与之相关的疾病方面带来新的革命。

Abstract: With the advent of imidacloprid and fipronil spot-on treatments and the oral ingestion of lufenuron, the strategies and methods to control cat fleas dramatically changed during the last 25 years. New innovations and new chemistries have highlighted this progress. Control strategies are no longer based on the tripartite approach of treating the pet, the indoor environment, and outdoors. The ability of modern therapies to break the cat flea life cycle and prevent reproduction has allowed for the stand-alone treatments that are applied or given to the pet. In doing so, we have not only controlled the cat flea, but we have prevented or reduced the impact of many of the diseases associated with ectoparasites and endoparasites of cats and dogs. This review provides an update of newer and non-conventional approaches to control cat fleas.

摘要：近25年来，随着吡虫啉+非泼罗尼滴剂治疗和口服氯芬奴隆治疗的出现，猫跳蚤的防治策略和方法发生了巨大改变。新创新和新化学物质使其显著进步。控制策略不再基于管理宠物、室内环境和室外环境三方面的方法。现代疗法能够打破猫跳蚤的生命周期并阻止它们繁殖，这使得对宠物进行单独治疗成为可能。在这种情况下，我们不仅控制了猫跳蚤，而且还预防或减少了许多与猫和犬的体外寄生虫和体内寄生虫有关的疾病的影响。这篇综述更新了新的和非传统的控制猫跳蚤方法。

Keywords: Ctenocephalides felis felis; isoxazolines; essential oils; insecticide resistance

关键词:猫栉首蚤、异噁唑啉类、精油、杀虫剂耐药性

1.Introduction

1.介绍

One of the most important pests of domestic cats and dogs is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché). Several reviews concerning the biology and control of cat fleas and new therapeutics have been published. However, it has been over 20 years since the topic of alternative measures to control cat fleas has been reviewed. Numerous advancements resulting from the development of new spot-on and oral therapeutics have occurred since then. These advancements have changed our thinking and approach to managing fleas on pets and in the indoor environment.

猫跳蚤(猫栉首蚤)是家养犬猫最重要的寄生虫之一。已发表了一些关于猫跳蚤的生物学、控制方法和新的治疗方法的综述。然而，对控制猫跳蚤的其他措施讨论，已有20多年的时间。从那时起，由于新的滴剂和口服药的发展而取得了许多进展。这些进步改变了我们管理宠物和室内环境中的跳蚤的思维和方法。

Even though there has been an increased awareness in so-called “green pest management” in the urban environment, limited progress in controlling ectoparasites with natural products or biological agents has been made. With the advent of the spot-on treatments of fipronil and imidacloprid and the systemic use of lufenuron in the mid-1990s, a paradigm shift in our thinking regarding flea control occurred. In the last decade, treatment of the pet with many of the new therapies has made it possible to interrupt the life cycle of the cat flea and prevent reproduction, thereby eliminating the need to spray interior and exterior environments with insecticides to effectuate control.

尽管在城市环境中所谓的“绿色驱虫”的意识有所提高，但在用自然产品或生物制剂控制体外寄生虫方面取得的进展有限。20世纪90年代中期，随着非泼罗尼+吡虫啉的滴剂治疗和氯芬奴隆的全身应用，人们对蚤类防治的认识发生了转变。在过去的十年中，许多对宠物治疗的新疗法已经使中断猫跳蚤的生命周期和防止繁殖成为可能，从而消除了在室内和室外喷洒杀虫剂以实现控制的需要。

The objectives of this review are to update the status of flea control and to provide additional insights into strategies to control cat fleas, especially new therapies and their impacts on other arthropod ectoparasites, and problems associated with cat fleas.

这篇综述的目的是更新跳蚤控制的现状，并为控制猫跳蚤的策略提供更多的见解，特别是新的治疗方法及其对其他节肢动物体外寄生虫的作用，以及与猫跳蚤相关的问题。

2.Biological Control

2.生物学控制

Even though some studies with bacteria and fungi have demonstrated activity against cat fleas, the research into biological control of cat fleas has been limited. In a recent study, adult cat fleas were exposed to fungal spores, Beauveria bassiana (isolates 4849, 2MG), exposed to different lighting conditions to stimulate conidiation. Spores produced under a red LED light and fluorescent lighting produced the fastest mortality, killing 100% of adult cat fleas within 36 h. It remains uncertain how this might be exploited to control fleas.

尽管一些研究证明细菌和真菌对猫跳蚤有抑制活性，但对猫跳蚤的生物防治的研究仍然有限。在最近的一项研究中，猫跳蚤成虫暴露于真菌孢子-球孢白僵菌时，在不同的光照条件下能刺激产生孢子。在红色LED灯和荧光灯下产生的孢子的（跳蚤）死亡率最高，在36小时内100%杀死猫跳蚤成虫。尚不确定如何利用这种方法来控制跳蚤。

3.Vaccines

3.疫苗

The search for a vaccine to protect cats and dogs from cat fleas has persisted over the past four decades. Vaccines have the advantages of not contaminating the environment, avoiding the development of insecticide resistance, targeting a broad, but selective range of vector species, and reducing vector competence. Despite these benefits, developing a vaccine has been problematic. Obstacles to developing a vaccine include the lack of natural immunity of cats and dogs to flea infestations, difficulties in obtaining large quantities of flea extracts, and the presence of a serine proteinase in the flea midgut. To date, there is no vaccine available against insect ectoparasites.

在过去的四十年里，人们一直在寻找一种疫苗来保护猫和犬不被猫跳蚤感染。疫苗具有不污染环境、避免产生抗药性、针对广泛但有选择性的病原种类以及降低病原能力的优点。尽管有这些好处，但开发疫苗一直存在问题。开发疫苗的障碍包括猫和犬对跳蚤感染缺乏天然免疫力，难以获得大量的跳蚤提取物，以及跳蚤中段肠道存在丝氨酸蛋白酶。到目前为止，还没有针对体外寄生虫的疫苗。

The identification of 97 distinct expressed sequence tags that encoded proteins of the cat flea hindgut and Malpighian tubules may provide molecular targets for flea control strategies in the future. Vaccination of cats with recombinant antigens resulted in an antibody response. Efficacy was defined by determining flea mortality and fertility, oviposition, and viability of the flea eggs. It reduced cat flea egg hatchability and fertility, resulting in a 32–46% efficacy.

通过对97个编码猫跳蚤后段肠道和马氏管蛋白的不同表达序列标签的鉴定，可为今后的蚤类控制策略提供分子靶点。用重组抗原给猫接种疫苗可产生抗体反应。通过测定蚤卵的死亡率、繁殖能力、产卵量和活力来确定药效。它降低了猫跳蚤卵的孵化率和繁殖能力，效果为32-46%。

To relieve the effects of flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) in cats, a co-immunization study using DNA encoding flea saliva antigens and proteins suppressed T cell reactions was conducted. It ameliorated many of the clinical symptoms of FAD in cats and showed utility in a clinical study.

为降低猫跳蚤过敏性皮炎(FAD)的影响，采用DNA编码的跳蚤唾液抗原和抑制T细胞反应的蛋白进行联合免疫研究。它改善了猫的许多临床症状，并在临床研究中显示出作用。

Despite these findings, it seems like a vaccine to control fleas is a long way in the future, but an anti-allergic vaccine may be available sooner.

尽管有这些发现，但似乎控制跳蚤的疫苗在未来还有很长的路要走，但抗过敏疫苗可能很快就会问世。

4.Botanical Based Compounds

4.植物成分化合物

In the past decade, there has been an increased interest in the use of essential oils (EOs) to control insects of urban and veterinary importance. Several products containing d-limonene were registered and tested against cat fleas. Researchers continue to identify natural products and EOs that are toxic to fleas. Deposits of carvacrol and nootkatone applied inside glass vials were toxic to adult oriental rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis. Extracts from incense cedar, Port Orford Cedar, and western juniper were toxic to adult X. cheopis when applied to the inner surfaces of glass vials. Extracts of California pepper tree (Schinus molle) applied to filter paper were toxic to adult C. f. felis but failed to kill flea eggs. Adult fleas exposed to filter paper strips treated with EOs from Ocimum gratissimum (clove basil) and Cinnamomum spp. (cinnamon) were killed. Filter papers treated with clove oil at 25 µg/cm2 killed 100% of adult fleas at 24 h. The EOs were also active against larvae and eggs. The only study involving pets and EOs reports on various infusions or preparations of six plants, mugwort, lemon, juniper, lavender, lemon balm, and cedar, against fleas, but the paper lacks experimental validation.

在过去的十年中，人们对使用精油(EOs)来控制城市和兽医重要昆虫越来越感兴趣。一些含有右旋柠檬烯的产品已注册，并进行了抗猫跳蚤测试。研究人员继续鉴定对跳蚤有毒的天然产品和EOs。香芹酚和圆柚酮存放在玻璃瓶内，对鼠蚤成虫(印度鼠蚤)有毒性。香柏木、欧氏香柏木和西杜松木的提取物存放在玻璃瓶内，对鼠蚤成虫有毒害作用。用加利福尼亚胡椒树(加州胡椒树)的提取物浸渍于滤纸上对猫跳蚤成虫有毒性，但对蚤卵无杀灭作用。用丁香罗勒和肉桂的EOs处理过的滤纸条可杀死成虫。滤纸用丁香油处理后，在24 h时25 g/cm2对跳蚤成虫的杀灭率为100%。唯一一项涉及宠物和EOs的研究报告了六种植物，艾蒿、柠檬、杜松、薰衣草、柠檬香和雪松的不同浸剂或制剂对跳蚤的防治，但这篇论文缺乏实验验证。

Plant-derived flea products have been reported to have some adverse effects, especially when applied to cats. Topical applications of tea tree oil (Australian tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia) to cats and dogs resulted in depression, weakness, incoordination, and muscle tremors. In another case, Melaleuca oil applied to three cats resulted in death and severe reactions and toxicosis. About 5–9% of the cats treated with spot-on products that included EOs such as peppermint oil, cinnamon oil, lemongrass oil, and clove oil experienced conditions, such as higher agitation, hypersalivation, seizures, and lethargy. Addie et al. recommend that some EOs should only be used after consultation with a veterinarian.

据报道，植物衍生物的跳蚤产品有一些副作用，特别是当应用于猫。茶树油(澳大利亚茶树白千层互叶)外用导致猫和犬抑郁、虚弱、共济失调和肌肉震颤。在另一个案例中，千层油对三只猫造成死亡和严重中毒反应。约5-9%的猫接受了包括薄荷油、肉桂油、柠檬草油和丁香油等EOs产品的治疗，出现了躁动加剧、流涎、癫痫和嗜睡等症状。Addie等人建议，一些EOs应该在咨询兽医后才使用。

Several studies have examined EOs as repellents. The European Medicine Agency defines a repellent effect as “a product with a repellent effect will cause the parasite to avoid contact with a treated animal completely and/or to leave a host.” A choice bioassay on filter papers treated with EOs provides a rapid laboratory determination of repellency to adult fleas. Essential oil from Cinnamomum osmophloeum (leaves), Taiwania cryptomerioides (heartwood) and Plectranthus amboinicus (leaves) exhibits repellent activity against cat fleas in a dose dependent manner. Extracts of the seeds of monk’s pepper (Vitex agnus castus) repelled cat fleas for about 6 h. It is unclear how these EOs might be used in a control program to deter flea infestations, especially considering their potential negative impacts on cats.

有几项研究将EOs作为驱虫剂进行了研究。欧洲药品管理局定义了驱避作用，即“具有驱避作用的产品是使寄生虫完全不接触治疗过的动物和/或离开宿主”。对用EOs处理过的滤纸进行选择性生物测定，可在实验室快速测定对成虫的驱避性。肉桂(叶)、柳杉(心材)和木香(叶)精油对猫跳蚤均有驱避作用，且呈剂量依赖性。黄荆子(穗花牡荆)提取物可以驱蚤约6小时。目前还不清楚这些EOs如何用于控制管理，以阻止跳蚤感染，特别是考虑到它们对猫的潜在负面影响。

青春年少

Ryohei

海绵饱饱

Vet武

笼中红细胞