猫跳蚤防治最新进展--（3）

王帆

Recent Advancements in the Control of Cat Fleas

猫跳蚤防治最新进展

作者：Michael K. Rust

翻译：王帆

6.Insecticide Resistance

6.杀虫药耐药

A review of insecticide resistance indicates widespread resistance to certain carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroids. More than 3000 C. f. felis populations were collected from 10 different countries from 2002 to 2017. Of the 1837 isolates that were tested, there was no evidence of a decreased susceptibility to imidacloprid. In another study an isolate of C. f. felis collected from three dogs in which fipronil + methoprene spot-on had not performed well was reared and tested in the laboratory. The field-collected isolate was tested on cats and dogs treated with fipronil + methoprene. The fipronil + methoprene provided >97.6% reductions in fleas on dogs and >85.6% on cats for at least 29 days. The authors concluded that the reported failures in earlier trials were probably due to factors other than insecticidal resistance. To date, there is little evidence suggesting that resistance has developed to many of the new topical and oral insecticides being used.

对杀虫剂耐药的综述表明，对某些氨基甲酸盐、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯普遍存在耐药。从2002年到2017年，研究人员从10个不同的国家收集了3000多只猫栉首蚤。在1837个独立测试中，没有证据表明对吡虫啉的敏感性降低。在另一项研究中，从非泼罗尼+甲氧普烯滴剂效果不佳的三只犬身上分离的猫栉首蚤在实验室中培育并测试。这个田间分离株被使用在非泼罗尼+甲氧普烯治疗的猫和犬，然后进行测试。非泼罗尼+甲氧普烯可使犬跳蚤减少＞97.6%，猫跳蚤减少＞85.6%，持续时间至少29天。作者得出结论，早期试验中报告的失败可能是由于杀虫剂耐药以外的其他因素。迄今为止，很少有证据表明对正在使用的许多新的外用和口服杀虫剂产生了耐药性。

Populations of C. f. felis from goat farms in Turkey had >90% frequency of the kdr gene (L1014F) and super kdr gene (T929V) in response to intensive use of cypermethrin. This study supports the claim that pyrethroid resistance is widespread in C. f. felis.

由于大量使用氯氰菊酯，土耳其山羊牧场猫栉首蚤kdr基因(L1014F)和超级kdr基因(T929V)概率>90%。这项研究支持了拟除虫菊酯耐药性在猫栉首蚤中广泛存在的说法。

7.Control Strategies

7.控制策略

Strategies to control cat fleas have evolved over the past two decades with the advent of new chemistries and therapies. Treatment of the pet, the indoor environment, and the outdoor environment was the standard practice prior to advent of modern topical and oral treatments in the mid-1990s. In recent years, the reduction in the ability of cat fleas to lay viable eggs has become an important factor when considering the efficacy of topical and oral treatments of pets. By interrupting flea reproduction, these topical and systemic flea products are capable of controlling flea populations in the indoor premises.

在过去的20年里，随着新的化学物质和治疗方法的出现，控制猫跳蚤的策略已经进化。在20世纪90年代中期现代外用和口服治疗出现之前，治疗宠物、室内环境和室外环境是标准做法。近年来，降低猫跳蚤的产卵活力已成为宠物外用及口服治疗作用的重要因素。通过阻断跳蚤繁殖，这些外用和全身性跳蚤产品能够控制室内跳蚤的数量。

Of the 759 pet-owners surveyed from 84 different veterinary clinics from 2002 to 2012, 71% of the dog owners and 50% of the cat owners had used a flea control product in the previous 12 months. Pet owners preferred spot-on, on-animal sprays, and pills as treatment options. Some common causes of failures to control fleas were a lack of knowledge about the flea life cycle, misapplication of the product, and noncompliance of treatment schedules by the pet owners.

2002年至2012年，来自84家不同兽医诊所的759名宠主接受了调查，其中71%的犬主人和50%的猫主人在过去12个月内使用过跳蚤控制产品。宠主更倾向于使用滴剂、动物的喷剂和口服药治疗方法。控制跳蚤失败的一些常见原因是缺乏对跳蚤生命周期的了解，错误使用产品，以及宠主不遵守治疗程序。

There has been a trend to market therapies having a combination of products that protect or control various ectoparasites and endoparasites. Products with active ingredients to control fleas and ticks include drugs like moxidectin (antihelminthic activity against heartworms) and pyrantel (anti-parasiticide against pinworms and roundworms). This might be in part explained by a recent survey of 24 veterinary hospitals across the country. About 96% of these veterinarians recommended 12-month flea and tick control. Of the 559 dog owners surveyed, 73% also felt 12 months control necessary. However, pet owners typically apply flea and tick control products for only 4 to 4.6 months. When purchasing patterns of 650 veterinary clinics were examined from 2014 to 2017, some 201,565 dogs were prescribed either fluralaner (29.1%), afoxolaner (58.9%), or spinosad (26.9%). Approximately 80% of the dogs were from southern and Midwestern states. Dog owners purchased more months of protection by selecting longer duration products like fluralaner than shorter length treatments like afoxolaner or spinosad. However, the months of protection obtained by the dog owner was less than that recommended by a veterinarian by 53% for fluralaner, 62% for afoxolaner, and 71% for spinosad. Purchasing products with longer lasting activity against endo- and ectoparasites is clearly a strategy that pet owners are likely to adopt.

目前有一种趋势是将商品化预防或控制各种体外寄生虫和体内寄生虫的产品联合使用。含有有效控制跳蚤和蜱虫成分的药物产品包括，莫昔克丁(抗心丝虫活性)和噻吩嘧啶(抗蛲虫和蛔虫活性)。最近一项针对全国24家兽医医院的调查或许可以部分解释这一现象。大约96%的兽医建议持续12个月的跳蚤和蜱虫控制。在接受调查的559名犬主人中，73%的人也认为有必要对犬进行12个月的控制。然而，宠主使用跳蚤和蜱虫控制产品的时间通常只有4到4.6个月。2014年至2017年，对650家兽医诊所的购买模式进行了检查，发现有201,565只犬服用了氟雷拉纳(29.1%)、阿福拉纳(58.9%)或多杀菌素(26.9%)。大约80%的犬来自南部和中西部各州。犬主人更倾向选择购买作用时间长的氟雷拉纳达到长时间的保护，而不是作用时间短的阿福拉纳或多杀菌素。然而，犬主人用药的月份比兽医推荐的少，氟雷拉纳少了53%，阿福拉纳少了62%，多杀菌素少了71%。很明显，宠物主人很可能会采用购买作用时间更长的体内驱虫和体外驱虫产品。

Two distinctly different approaches to use of isoxazolines have developed. Pfister and Armstrong provide a review and discussion of the merits of a cutaneous application (permethrin) and a systemic application (fluralaner). When they considered the following four factors, owner adherence to the recommended treatment protocol, rapid onset of activity following administration, uniform efficacy over all areas of the treated dog at risk for parasite attachment, and maintenance of high efficacy throughout the retreatment interval, they felt the systemic treatment provided the optimal outcome. If sarolaner or fluralaner had been chosen as the cutaneous treatment instead of permethrin, possibly their assessment might change.

已有两种截然不同的使用异噁唑啉的方法。Pfister和Armstrong对皮肤应用(苄氯菊酯)和全身应用(氟雷拉纳)的优点进行了回顾和讨论。考虑以下四个因素：主人对推荐治疗方案服从性，服药后的迅速起效性，所有区域的治疗犬寄生虫感染后疗效的一致性，以及在整个多次治疗间隔期间高疗效的维持性，他们认为全身性治疗提供了最佳效果。如果选择经皮给药的沙罗拉纳或氟雷拉纳来代替苄氯菊酯，他们的评估结果可能会不同。

There has been a reluctance in some regulatory agencies to consider oral or topical treatments of pets as a stand-alone treatment. However, evidence is accumulating that the treatment of all pets within a home, with many of the newer therapeutics, can break the lifecycle and completely control an indoor infestation. A topical application of imidacloprid reduced the number of fleas on pets by 98.8% on pets and the number of fleas trapped in the homes by 99.9%. An oral dose of lufenuron combined with pyrethrin sprays reduced the number of fleas on animals by 99.2% and the number trapped in homes by 99.7%. Three monthly topical applications of fipronil or imidacloprid to cats and dogs provided 96.5 and 99.5% reductions on animals and the number of fleas trapped within homes was reduced 98.6 and 98.6%, respectively. In Australia, pets were treated with nitenpyram + lufenuron or imidacloprid. Nitenpyram + lufenuron provided 90–100% reduction of fleas on animals over the year and 100% reduction of fleas in the home. Topical treatments with imidacloprid varied over the 1-year study. There was an 84.2–97.2% reduction of fleas on animals over 16 weeks. After the rainy season, control ranged from 70.5 to 87.8% reductions. The number of fleas trapped ranged from 0.0 to 93.6%. A single topical application of indoxacarb or monthly applications of fipronil + methoprene provided 99.1 and 54.8% reductions of fleas on dogs at day 60. Light trap counts in the homes decreased by 97.7% with indoxacarb and 84.6% with fipronil + methoprene at day 60.

一些监管机构一直不愿意将宠物的口服或外用治疗作为单独治疗。然而，越来越多的证据表明，用许多较新的疗法对家中所有宠物进行治疗，可以打破跳蚤生命周期，并完全控制室内感染。外用吡虫啉可使宠物身上的跳蚤数量减少98.8%，家中的诱捕到的跳蚤减少99.9%。口服氯芬奴隆联合喷除虫菊酯可使动物身上的跳蚤数量减少99.2%，家中诱捕到的跳蚤减少99.7%。猫和犬每月一次，连续三次外用非泼罗尼或吡虫啉，跳蚤分别下降96.5%和99.5%，家中诱捕到的跳蚤数量分别下降98.6%和98.6%。在澳大利亚，宠物用烯啶虫胺+氯芬奴隆或吡虫啉治疗。烯啶虫胺+氯芬奴隆在一年内使动物身上的跳蚤减少90-100%，使家中的跳蚤减少100%。外用吡虫啉持续1年的研究中有所不同。16周后动物身上的跳蚤数减少了84.2-97.2%。雨季后，跳蚤下降率范围为70.5-87.8%。环境中诱捕到的跳蚤数为0.0-93.6%。犬单次外用茚虫威或每月一次使用非泼罗尼+甲氧普烯可在第60天分别减少99.1和54.8%的跳蚤。60天时，茚虫威组和非泼罗尼+甲氧普烯组光诱捕器中数量分别下降了97.7%和84.6%。

Similar results have been reported with isoxazoline compounds. Oral doses of afoxolaner for dogs reduced the number of fleas on dogs by 99.3 and 100% at days 7 and 30, respectively. The number of fleas caught in light traps in the residence decreased by 97.7 and 100% at 30 and 60 days, respectively.Oral doses of fluralaner or afoxolaner provided 100% reduction in the number of fleas collected from treated dogs at day 86. Fluralaner and afoxolaner provided 100 and 98.9% reductions in the number of fleas caught in light traps in homes. A single topical application of fipronil + pyriproxyfen on cats prevented flea egg development for 15 weeks in a simulated indoor environment. Carpet disks from rooms with fipronil + pyriproxyfen treated cats prevented egg development. The treatment successfully interrupted the life cycle. Oral doses of sarolaner or spinosad to dogs resulted in >99.8% reduction in the number of fleas trapped within structures at 60 days. Similarly, Dryden et al. reported that a single topical application of fluralaner reduced the flea count on cats by 100% and the number of fleas in light traps by 99.9% by day 86.

对于异噁唑啉化合物也有类似的结果。口服阿福拉纳可使犬跳蚤数在第7天和第30天分别减少99.3和100%。居住环境的诱捕器中跳蚤数在30天和60天分别下降了97.7和100%。口服氟雷拉纳或阿福拉纳的治疗犬的跳蚤数量在第86天减少100%。氟雷拉纳和阿福拉纳分别使家中诱捕器中诱捕的跳蚤数量减少了100和98.9%。猫单次外用非泼罗尼+吡丙醚，可在模拟室内环境中持续15周阻止跳蚤卵发育。用非泼罗尼+吡丙醚治疗猫的房间里的地毯块阻止了跳蚤卵发育。治疗成功地中断了生命周期。犬口服沙罗拉纳或多杀菌素，60天内在环境中诱捕到跳蚤数量可减少＞99.8%。同样，Dryden等人报告说，在第86天，单次外用氟雷拉纳可使猫身上的跳蚤数量减少100%，并使光诱捕器中的跳蚤数量减少99.9%。

8.Future Directions

8.未来方向

The use of RNAi delivery systems to control insects of veterinary importance is an exciting new direction for the future of flea control. The delivery system allows for the knockdown of very specific targeted gene expression in both insects and acarines. Edwards et al. were able to demonstrate the transfer of RNAi to cat fleas through a membrane feeding system, and resulted in 96% knockdown of GSTσ, a detoxification enzyme, within 2 days and sustained at least 7 days. The RNAi response to ingested dsRNA in C. f. felis was not impaired by gut enzymes of the flea. Another exciting delivery system that involves the use of nanoparticles is also being actively researched.

利用RNAi递送系统控制兽医临床重要昆虫是未来跳蚤控制的一个令人兴奋的新方向。该递送系统可以敲除昆虫和蜱螨亚纲非常特定的靶向基因表达。Edwards等人能够证明RNAi通过膜喂养系统转移到猫跳蚤，并在2天内导致GSTσ(一种解毒酶)96%的减少，并至少持维持天。跳蚤的肠道酶不会破坏猫栉首蚤对摄取的dsRNA的RNAi反应。另一种涉及纳米颗粒使用的激动人心的递送系统也正在积极研究中。

Even though there is little evidence to suggest widespread insecticide resistance in cat fleas to the modern arsenal of treatments available, it is important that flea populations be continually monitored to rapidly detect any changes in their populations. The maintenance of susceptible populations of C. f. felis is essential.

尽管很少有证据表明猫跳蚤对现有的现代治疗手段具有广泛的杀虫剂耐药性，但需要持续监测跳蚤群体，以迅速发现群体的任何变化。维持具有敏感性的猫栉首蚤群体是非常重要的。

The control of C. f. felis in feral animals remains a problem. Feral animals provide for a reservoir of fleas in the environment. Currently, there is a lack of effective control measures to use outdoors to control these feral populations. Possibly baits to feed to feral animals containing actives such as the isoxazolines might be developed to control fleas, especially those associated with sylvatic plague.

野生动物中的猫栉首蚤的控制仍然是一个问题。野生动物为环境中的跳蚤提供了温床。目前，缺乏有效的户外控制措施来控制这些野生跳蚤群体。或许可能开发出用于含有异噁唑啉等活性物质诱饵，来投喂给野生动物，以控制跳蚤，特别是那些与森林鼠疫有关的跳蚤。

9.Conclusions

9.结论

The development of therapies that can reduce cat flea reproduction, prevent cat flea development, and rapidly kill adult fleas on the pet has dramatically altered our approaches to controlling cat fleas in the urban environment. The need for environmental treatments, especially indoors, has been greatly reduced. The costs of some of these new treatments may be prohibitive for universal adoption, but other adulticides containing IGRs are still effective and maybe more economical. The arsenal of potential topical and oral therapies to control cat fleas is impressive.

减少跳蚤繁殖，防止猫跳蚤发育，以及速效杀成蚤等治疗手段的发展极大地改变了我们在城市环境中控制猫跳蚤的方法。对环境处理的需求，特别是在室内，已经大大减少。其中一些新的治疗方法的成本可能会限制它们的广泛应用，但是，其他一些含有IGR的成虫杀虫剂仍然有效，而且可能更经济。控制猫跳蚤的武器库（潜在的外用和口服疗法）令人印象深刻。

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